Modern republics differed from earlier systems mainly in their emphasis on popular sovereignty and legal equality. Unlike monarchies, where power was inherited, republics relied on elections and representation. Decision-making shifted from royal courts to assemblies and parliaments. Laws applied uniformly rather than favoring elites. Citizens were recognized as active participants in public life, not merely subjects. This transformation marked a shift toward accountability, transparency, and civic responsibility. These differences helped modern republics adapt to social change and encouraged broader political participation.