Vedic Culture – Refers to the early Indo-Aryan civilization, known for Vedas, caste system origins, rituals, and pastoral lifestyle. Mauryas – India’s first major empire (322–185 BCE) founded by Chandragupta; peaked under Ashoka, known for administration and spread of Buddhism. Guptas – Known as the "Golden Age" of India (4th–6th century CE) with great advances in science, arts, and culture.