Landforms are created through internal and external processes acting over long periods. Internal forces include tectonic movements such as folding, faulting, and volcanic activity, which shape mountains, plateaus, and rift valleys. External forces like weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition modify the surface continuously. Agents such as rivers, glaciers, wind, and waves break down rocks and reshape landscapes. Over time, these forces create features like valleys, plains, deltas, and deserts. The combined action of internal energy and surface processes results in the diverse landforms observed across the Earth.