The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was enacted to prevent and control water pollution and to maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water bodies. The Act established Central and State Pollution Control Boards to monitor water quality and regulate industrial effluents. It mandates prior consent for discharge of pollutants into water sources and provides legal provisions for penalties and closure of non-compliant units. This Act plays a crucial role in protecting rivers, lakes, and groundwater resources, ensuring public health and sustainable use of water.