Ecological succession is the gradual, natural process by which ecosystems change over time, replacing one community with another. It helps ecosystems recover after disturbances and maintain ecological balance. There are two main types: primary succession, which occurs on lifeless surfaces like bare rock, where pioneer species colonize and gradually develop soil; and secondary succession, which occurs in areas where ecosystems were disturbed but soil remains, such as abandoned farmland. Succession increases species diversity, soil fertility, and habitat complexity. Understanding succession is essential for habitat restoration, conservation planning, and predicting ecosystem responses to environmental changes.